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Some of the most common components of research articles include:

1.  Title

The title may include terms like "outcomes," "effects," "treatments," and "reactions" that indicate the article deals with research.

Initial outcome and long-term

effect of surgical and non-surgical

treatment of advanced

periodontal disease

2.  Authority

This section provides information about the author(s) and publication information.

Serino G, Rosling B, Ramberg P, Socransky SS, Lindhe J: Initial outcome and

long-term effect of surgical and non-surgical treatment of advanced periodontal disease.

J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 910–916. C Munksgaard, 2001.

3. Abstract

The abstract provides a summary of the article.  Look for a research

question (the aim or objective of the study)  and a method to study it.

Abstract

Aim: A clinical trial was performed to determine (i) the initial outcome of nonsurgical

and surgical access treatment in subjects with advanced periodontal

disease and (ii) the incidence of recurrent disease during 12 years of maintenance

following active therapy.

Material and Methods: Each of the 64 subjects included in the trial showed signs

of (i) generalized gingival inflammation, (ii) had a minimum of 12 non-molar teeth

with deep pockets (>6 mm) and with >6 mm alveolar bone loss. They were

randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups; one surgical (SU) and one non-surgical

(SRP). Following a baseline examination, all patients were given a detailed case

presentation which included oral hygiene instruction. The subjects in SU received

surgical access therapy, while in SRP non-surgical treatment was provided. After

this basic thera-py, all subjects were enrolled in a maintenance care program and

were provided with meticulous supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) 3–4 times

per year. Sites that at a recall appointment bled on gentle probing and had a PPD

value of >5 mm were exposed to renewed subgingival instrumentation. Comprehensive

re-examinations were performed after 1, 3, 5 and 13 years of SPT. If a

subject between annual examinations exhibited marked disease progression (i.e.,

additional PAL loss of >2 mm at >4 teeth), he/she was exited from the study

and given additional treatment.

Results: It was observed that (i) surgical therapy (SU) was more effective than

non-surgical scaling and root planing (SRP) in reducing the overall mean probing

pocket depth and in eliminating deep pockets, (ii) more SRP-treated subjects

exhibited signs of advanced disease progression in the 1–3 year period following

active therapy than SU-treated subjects.

Conclusion: In subjects with advanced periodontal disease, surgical therapy pro-

vides better short and long-term periodontal pocket reduction and may lead to

fewer subjects requiring additional adjunctive therapy.

4.  Introduction

The introduction usually includes a review of prior research in this area and introduces the research problem in this study.

Several long-term studies have indicated that treatment methods including selfperformed plaque control and subgingival root debridement are effective in arresting the progression of periodontal disease in subjects with moderate as well as advanced forms of destructive periodontitis (for review, see Cobb (1996) and (Palcanis 1996)). Findings by, e.g. Knowles et al. (1979), Lindhe et al. (1982, 1984), Westfelt et al. (1985), Isidor & Karring (1986), Nordland et al. 1987, Ramfjord et al. (1987), Becker et al. (1988), Kaldahl et al. (1988) furthermore revealed that (i) non-surgical treatment seemed to be less effective than surgical therapy in reducing the probing pocket depth at sites with initially deep pockets, (ii) both non-surgical and surgical treatment modalities resulted in some loss of attachment at initially shallow pocket sites while at deeper sites some gain of probing attachment frequently occurred.  In previous reports from our research . . .  

5.  Methodology

This section explains design and methods used to conduct the study.  Look for details such as numbers of participants or what was being measured.

Material and Methods

The subjects included in the present trial were recruited from a larger group of patients who between 1979 and 1985 were referred to the Department of Periodontology, Helsingborg, Sweden for treatment of advanced periodontal disease. In order to be included in the study, subjectmust have (i) generalized gingival inflammation, (ii) a minimum of 12 nonmolar teeth with deep pockets (>6 mm) and with >6 mm alveolar bone loss. The above selection criteria yielded 64 subjects who were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups; one surgical . . .   

6.  Results

This section details the outcomes of the study.  It may include statistics, tables or graphs.

Results

Drop outs

4 subjects (14%) in group SU and 8 subjects (29%) in the SRP group, exhibited additional disease progression of multiple sites between years 1 and 3 of SPT, received additional therapy but were exited from the study. At different intervals during the 13 years of maintenance care, 3 subjects in group SU and 4 subjects in group SRP withdrew from the trial for reasons unrelated to the study.

Examiner variability

The standard deviation of duplicate assessment was 0.4 mm for both PAL and PPD and the percentage of sites with a difference within º1 mm was 98%.  The standard deviation for duplicate assessments made in radiographs, examined at . . .

7. Discussion/

Conclusions

The Discussion section presents the hypothesis or research question and evaluates whether the results support or contradict it.

Discussion

The findings of the present investigation demonstrated that in patients with advanced periodontal disease:  (i) surgical therapy (SU) was more effective than non-surgical scaling and root planing (SRP) in reducing the overall mean probing pocket depth and in eliminating deep pockets; (ii) the number of treated subjects who, in the 1–3 year interval following active therapy exhibited signs of advanced disease progression, was markedly smaller in the SU than in the SRP group (14% versus 29%); (iii) in the majority of the subjects monitored both surgical and non-surgical therapy established periodontal conditions that, during . . .

8.  References/Works Cited

The works cited show the quality, currency and significance of the resources consulted by the author(s).

References

Badersten, A., Nilveus, R. & Egelberg, J. (1984) Effect of non surgical  

     periodontal therapy. II. Severely advanced periodontitis. Journal of      
    Clinica Periodontology    11, 63–76.

Badersten, A., Nilveus, R. & Egelberg, J. (1990) Scores of plaque,  

   bleeding, suppuration and probing depth to predict probing attachment

   loss. 5 years of  observation following nonsurgical periodontal therapy.

  Journal of Clinical . .